Shopping For Your Prom Dress Online

Preparing your entire prom look always starts with the prom dress, and for that you have to have a good head start of at least two months before the prom. A good head start on putting your prom look together, not just your prom dress, will save you from getting stressed out later on whatever details you may have overlooked just because you rushed through your preparations.

Thankfully, it is no longer necessary for you to visit shops selling prom dresses and physically comb through their stock just to get the right one. All you need to do is to surf the Net and look for online retailers that sell prom dresses. You do not have to leave the house to get your shopping done, unless you do not have Internet at home.

The Budget for Your Prom Dress

There are a few things that you need to consider and decide before you turn on your computer and surf for prom dresses that you can buy online. One of these is your budget. How much can you afford to spend on buying a prom dress?

To answer that question, you need to ask your parents how much money they are willing to give you so you could get the elements of your prom look together â€" your prom dress, your shoes and accessories, your hair and makeup, and other incidental expenses. If the money your parents are allotting you is not enough, or if they are not spending for your prom dress, then you would have to depend on your savings and come up with some extra cash before the prom.

Remember that a prom dress does not have to cost a lot. Regardless of how much you have, you can always get a fabulous prom dress with patient searching and creative thinking.

Deciding What Prom Dress You Want

Once you have the matter of budgeting for your prom dress settled, then you can move on to other details such as what kind of dress you want to wear and what type of dress will suit your figure best.

There are many styles of prom dresses that you can choose from. What dress style would suit you depends largely on what you want and what your body type is. Here is a rundown of some of the basic styles that you can find on prom dresses and what body type they flatter the most:
1. Bubble dress. The bubble dress has a cinched waist and a curved-in hem. Cute and fun, it is great for girls with skinny figures because it gives them the curves they lack. It is also awesome on girls with full figures because it emphasizes the curves they have.

2. Corset dress. The corset dress sports a tightly laced top that is good for creating a fetching cleavage and the illusion of a small waist, especially when matched with a fluffy skirt. A prom dress of this type is good for the full-figured girl, as it embellishes her lovely curves.

Current Fashion Trends in Costume Jewelry and Accessories

Current Fashion Trends in Costume Jewelry and Accessories
by: Michael Gietl

Color Trends in Costume Jewelry

The fall fashion trends are ushering in another excellent season for costume jewelry and accessories. Rich colors and bold looks dominate the trend. Teal, amber and amethyst are the important colors with olivine and green used as neutrals. Topaz and peacock are also important and all indications are that rich color will continue into the spring season. Metals are seeing a return to gold, but silver is still stronger.

Bold Designs Dominate Fashion Jewelry

Fashion jewelry thrives when bold designs are in vogue and that is very much the case this season. The high fashion look is popular in necklaces, earrings, and bracelets with natural components contributing to the designs. Wood is continuing its second season of popularity with shell important even in the fall line. But the rising star in natural materials is gemstone, which provides the beauty of natural semiprecious stones to the costume jewelry designs. This will definitely continue and accelerate in the spring line. Also popular in neckwear are 48 inch and 60 inch ropes that are worn extended or doubled. Jet is strong in holiday jewelry and estate looks (antique designs) are becoming fashionable in bridal jewelry.

Traditional Costume Jewelry and Accessories

While costume jewelry in bold designs and rich colors forge the way for leading fashion, there is a larger market that shouldn’t be ignored in more traditional and classic looks. Theme jewelry in pendants, earrings, and charm bracelets has an appeal that goes beyond fashion alone because it identifies with what the wearer cares about. In addition, traditional rhinestone, bridal jewelry, evening bags, and formal gloves have a classic look with timeless appeal. There is a major market for these items that will always be present even as fashion changes.

Accessory Trends

Sequins and buttons are very big in all accessories, especially in handbags and evening bags. Beyond these, the looks of the larger bags introduced by leading designers are the trendy styles of the season. These are the bags the stars are carrying, which goes a long ways towards popularizing the styles. In evening bags, large sequins and buttons are very much in vogue, but traditional looks seem to be carrying the day.

Sunglasses are definitely big and bold with aviators the runaway favorite. Retro looks are also excellent and colored frames with matching lenses are very popular.

Hats and Headwear

In millinery, dress hats are an important part of the market, with ladies hats the dominant player. The looks are very traditional with a new element of pre-made bands allowing for the versatility of custom designs. Casual hats, however, account for the major share of the market and no design in 2005 is more important than the rollup cowboy hat. While the design is not popular in every region of the country, the sheer number of sales makes it the number one hat of the year. This rugged look that is typically American has risen to such popularity that it becomes an important fashion statement. After cowboy hats, the three most fashionable designs are wide brim floppy hats, ladies fedoras, and newsboys. The entertainment field has played a major roll in popularizing these designs and the fashion looks continue into the fall season with felt, leather, wool, and leatherette used as the material for the fall versions.

Profile for Jobs: Fashion Marketing

Profile for Jobs: Fashion Marketing
by: Silas Reed

Jobs in fashion marketing can be an exciting deal for anyone with a creative bent of mind. If you are an artistic person and are wondering how to possibly turn your passion into a highly remunerative profession, then this is surely something worthy of your perusal. Though challenging and demanding, this is an industry for those who love to keep pace with the fast moving and ever changing world of fashion.

If you have an inherent knack for grasping the fashion styles that are going to be well received in the market or if you find it easy to convincingly market a new trend, then consider your work half done. It is an extremely rewarding career if you think about the influential posts that you get to hold in the world of fashion. You practically get to decide the style statement that people will flaunt. Nothing is as empowering and flattering to a person’s ego than the idea that he can control teeming millions, subconsciously with his innovative ideas and ingenious outlook.

Apart from having the inherent knack for identifying popular fashion taste, people aspiring to get jobs in fashion marketing needs to have a professional degree from an accredited university. They need to be original and display creative talents as well as have a head for understanding business. After all fashion marketing is all about being able to understand what will work and what not. That is to say, it is about identifying those fashion trends, which when produced in mass will help the company recover its production cost along with a substantial profit margin.

The professional degree does nothing more except hone your skills in sales, marketing management and imparts you a more solid understanding of consumer psychology. Since fashion marketers have to coordinate their work with a number of different units such as retail outlets, fashion photographers, fashion designers; this humongous task of collaboration makes it an extremely taxing job. It also necessitates that fashion marketers be good with their PR skills and their understanding of effective promotion and advertising.

Now that you have a clearer understanding of fashion marketing job profile, let me tell you that this sector has been identified as one which holds a lot of promise for growth and expansion. Competition to get into the best company and work with the best fashion house is tough and why won’t it be so, when fashion marketers on an average get to earn as much as 80k a year?

A degree in fashion marketing is sure to fetch you good job opportunities. You can either work with fashion designers or big houses as fashion marketing assistant, visual merchandisers or stylists who style the models before their walk on the ramp. And if you are creative and daunting enough and have full confidence in your ability you can go for self- employment, that is to say you can establish your own boutique and run it with élan.

Employment in fashion marketing is not a difficult thing to secure if you know a few tips. For example it is always advisable to network and network well, I mean. Try and carry your business card and let the world outside feel your presence. Attend meetings and parties- both social and informal. Also remember to keep a look out for available job opportunities and if you do your homework well, you land yourself a job in no time!
About The Author

Silas Reed, Writer for http://www.marketingcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php MarketingCrossing, writes articles that inform and teach about different marketing job profiles. Please visit http://www.marketingcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php http://www.marketingcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php and sign up for a FREE trial to gain access to ALL of the many exclusive job listings we offer in the marketing profession.

How To Become A Fashion Designer When You Are A Kid

How To Become A Fashion Designer When You Are A Kid
by: Silas Reed

There are two schools of thought on the qualities needed to become a fashion designer. One school of thought believes that an eye for fashion is inborn and God gifted and cannot be acquired through practice and perseverance. The other school of thought on the other hand believes that it is hard work and perseverance that can make a fashion designer out of a kid.

However, a look at the successful fashion designers of the world would confirm that it is a blend of talent and hard work that can make a successful fashion designer out of a kid.

So what are the qualities that make a successful fashion designer? Let us take a look at the principles and qualities:

First, a natural flair for design is a must, be it a design for men or design for women fashion. An aspiring fashion designer must have the basic acumen for men’s fashion or women fashion. The fashion designer must be able to, on the top of the head, decide a design for any category whatsoever.

Second, an aspiring fashion designer needs to have a formal training. A diploma or a degree in a fashion institute of repute will just do fine. The fashion designer will be adequately trained on the various aspects of the business of fashion designing which are so critical. This will go on to make a complete fashion designer.

Third, an aspiring fashion designer must have an ideal blend of knowledge with the theoretical aspects of fashion design as well as the practical aspects of fashion design. Hence, the fashion designer will design fashion with a blend of theoretical knowledge and its ideal practical application. Such a combination goes on to make for a good fashion designer.

Fourth, an aspiring fashion designer must be good at making basic sketches. A basic sketch gives a good idea of how the design will finally like. Hence, a good fashion designer must be able to visualize in mind how the design will look like in the end and draw a sketch accordingly.

Fifth, good visualization skills for a fashion designer are a must. A good fashion designer must also have an eye for details. While designing the most intricate of the designs, an eye for detail is a critical quality that a fashion designer must possess. A good visualization serves as an inspiration and sets the objective for the final design.

Hence, a fashion designer must be equally good at men’s fashion and women fashion. This profession is however, not a bed of roses, with high competition and a high failure and rejection rates, it is always a steep climb.
About The Author

Silas Reed, Writer for http://www.Employmentcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php EmploymentCrossing writes articles that inform and teach about different Employment job profiles. Please visit http://www.Employmentcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php http://www.Employmentcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php for a list of some of the many jobs we offer in the Employment profession.

Fashion Models

Fashion Models

Fashion models are brilliant for helping clothing firms, make up brands and accessories companies to market their product and help get their message across to their chosen audience, and fashion models are also a great choice for events and launches.

Here at Mission Models, we represent a huge variety of fashion models that can help any company get their event off to a great start. Our fashion models are much more varied that the fashion models on the books of other agencies, and we can provide fashion models for every type of occasion, from a fashion shoot to a catwalk show.

We are based in the bustling capital, London, and this location ensures we always have an amazing range of fashion models available for any type of work. We believe working in London, one of the world's top spots for fashion, gives us an edge over other fashion models agencies and also ensures the quality of our fashion models.

Our fashion models have worked in a range of sectors and for a wide variety of publications and events, and some of the most prestigious fashion models clients we have had include What Digital Camera magazine, the BBC mini series Material Girl, high end hair salon chain Toni and Guy and the prestigious Asian Wedding Exhibition.

This range of work shows the calibre of our fashion models, but also highlights how varied our fashion models are. This makes us a reliable agency for firms of all kinds and no matter what type of fashion models our clients are looking for, we will find something to suit their needs and fashion models budget.

Another well known publication our fashion models have featured in is Stuff magazine. This gadget focused read is noted for its use of stunning cover fashion models, and our fashion model Anara appeared on its cover shortly after appearing on an Ultratone advert.

If you need fashion models for a high profile event, product launch or fashion show, get in touch with us and check out our amazing range of stunning fashion models of all shapes, sizes, hair colours and ethnicities.

FASHION FOR MY PET

Would you like to learn how to make a dog collar that really stands out in a crowd? Whether your goal is to save a little money or to pull out all of the fashion stops in "dogue" couture, you can make something that is super cute for your best friend even if you have just a little bit of sewing ability.

Following the instructions below, you can adapt our tutorial to make dog collars that will dazzle the imagination! For dogs of all sizes, from big dogs to little dogs, this sewing project is a fun and easy accessory to make for your favorite dog. Let's get started now so your dog can be sporting a spiffy ribbon dog collar later today.

For an awesome, personalized collar, use your creativity to bling it out for a girly dog collar, or make a boyish tough-guy collar for your boy dog. Let them model it at your next dog park outing and you'll both be stars!



How to Make a Dog Collar - Dog Collar Hardware and Supplies Needed:
How To Make a Dog Collar
Completed Project Photograph:


Step 1 - How to Make a Dog Collar

After purchasing your supplies, you will thread your machine with coordinating thread to the webbing and ribbon that you've chosen, and cut a piece of webbing that is six inches longer than your dog's actual neck measurement. Cut a piece of ribbon that is seven inches longer than the neck measurement.

Instructions here are for the simplest type of dog collar - one that is not adjustable. If your dog is fully grown, this collar will last you a very long time. If your dog is a puppy or still growing, make this style first to learn how to make a dog collar (basic style) and later you will be able to understand more complex instructions for adjustable collars

Before you begin sewing, you can heat seal the ends of nylon or propylene webbing to keep the ends from fraying. WARNING!! Do not try this with any natural material (cotton or hemp) or you WILL start a fire, and only try this if you feel totally comfortable and are an adult or have an adult present!). This only works with non-natural materials like nylon or polypropylene. To heat seal the end, use a lit candle with an open flame, and bring the cut edge of the webbing close to the flame. It does not actually have to touch the flame to melt the webbing edge and seal it. Once you see the edge of the webbing melt a little, take it away from the heat source and allow a few seconds to cool. Repeat with the other edge of the webbing, if desired. Please do this process only if desired, and understanding that it is done at your own risk.

Layering your choice of grosgrain or printed riboons over the webbing so the "right sides" are both facing up, you will see that there is a 1/2" overlap of the ribbon at each end. Pin these ribbon ends over the edges of the webbing, and then turn the pinned strip right side up on your sewing surface to begin to sew them together. Sew each edge of the ribbon to the webbing, staying close to the edge, but making sure that you sew through both ribbon and webbing. (Figure 1)



Step 2 - How to Make a Dog Collar

After you have stitched the ribbon to the webbing and the ends of the ribbon have been folded over the webbing and stitched, you are ready to progress to Step 2.

Unclip the buckle, noticing the slight curvature to the pieces. The buckle should have a slight outward curve as it clips around your dog's neck when the collar is completed.

Take the "male" end of the buckle and thread the right side of the sewn piece through the opening of the buckle, making sure that the buckle curve is followed correctly. Pull the webbing through the opening and loop back through, with about three inches that will be sewn down. (See Figure 2). You can flip the collar to the right side and sew across the width of the collar to secure this first half of the buckle.



Step 3 - How to Make a Dog Collar

Next, flip the collar over again and sew across the width of the collar one more time to secure the 3" flap. (NOTE: In my photo - See Figure 3 - the flap is shorter than three inches, but I make them longer now).



Step 4 - How to Make a Dog Collar

You're almost halfway finished with the tutorial on "How to Make a Dog Collar!" See, it isn't hard, when you follow along step-by-step, right?

This next step has a few different parts....

First, thread on the D-ring and let it fall somewhere in the middle of the collar. The other end that you sewed already will keep it from falling off completely. Then, thread on the remaining "female" end of the collar buckle and loop about three inches back through to the back of the collar. (See Figure 4) Remember to follow the curvature of the buckle. Now, go find your dog!

Before you sew this step, fit the collar to your dog's neck. It should be comfortable, and not easily slip off his/her head. Usually, it is advisable to fit two fingers under the collar to ensure that it is not too tight, but you can use your own judgment for your dog. Once you have it fit properly, carefully pin the collar so you will not lose the measurement.



NOTE: If you have a dog that has a smaller width head than neck, you will need a different type of collar entirely - a martingale collar - a style that is designed for Greyhounds and other sleek-headed sight hounds

Step 5 - How to Make a Dog Collar

Once you have your dog collar pinned for the proper fit as described above, go back to the sewing machine and sew across the width of the collar to secure the female end of the buckle in its proper position.

Then, stitch another parallel line across the width of the collar about 1/2" away from the stitching line you just made. This helps to space the D-ring away from the buckle, so that they do not conflict with each other.

Now, slide the D-ring in place next to the seam you just stitched (Figure 5), sandwiching the D-ring in place and stitching just on the the other side of it to secure it.



Step 6 - How to Make a Dog Collar

You could actually stop at this point and go clip it on your dog, but Step 7 is so much fun, I am sure you will want to keep on going! (See Figure 6 for the complete, yet un-embellished collar.)


Step 7 - How to Make a Dog Collar

Now comes the really fun part! Use tiny buttons, rickrack, jewels, chain- anything that you can sew on by hand- to make your dog collar really cool. I chose little pink buttons, and sewed them on to the center of every other flower (see Figure 7). Your ribbon design might help you decide what embellishments to choose.

That's it! Ta Da!! You have a unique, fashion collar for your favorite furry friend- and you made it yourself at a fraction of the cost of a store-bought collar!


We hope that you enjoyed this tutorial, and will check back soon for more cool stuff from our website.

See you at the dog park!

Some of Our Pages You Won't Want to Miss:

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Free Paw Print Clip Art for your projects!

Check out our Top Dog Names List

Han Chinese clothing

Dynastic China
Main article: Han Chinese clothing
Traditional Chinese clothing is broadly referred to as hanfu with many variations such as traditional Chinese academic dress. Japanese clothes and Chinese clothes are very similar. Depending on one's status in society, each social class had a different sense of fashion. Most Chinese men wore Chinese black cotton shoes, but wealthy higher class people would wear tough black leather shoes for formal occasions. Very rich and wealthy men would wear very bright, beautiful silk shoes sometimes having leather on the inside. Women would wear bright, silk coated Lotus shoes under their bound feet. Male shoes were mostly less elaborate than women's.
[edit]Civil and military officials
Chinese civil or military officials used a variety of codes to show their rank and position. The most recognized is the Mandarin square or rank badge. Another code was also the use of colorful hat knobs fixed on the top of their hats. The specific hat knob on one's hat determined one's rank. As there were twelve types of hat knobs representing the nine distinctive ranks of the civil or military position. Variations existed for Ming official headwear.


The Night Revels of Han Xizai painting, originally by Gu Hongzhong, depicting life in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period


Robe of Qianlong Emperor with the Chinese dragon, hallmark of the Emperor of China and imperial families
[edit]Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
See also: Cheongsam and changshan
The rise of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in many ways represented a cultural rupture with the past, as Manchu clothing styles were required to be worn by all noblemen and officials. This style eventually became popular among the commoners.[1] A new style of dress, called tangzhuang, included the changshan worn by men and the qipao worn by women. Manchu official headwear differed from the Ming version but the Qing continued to use the Mandarin square.


This jacket is made of silk. Chinese legend suggests silk production was discovered by Lady Hsi-Ling-Shih, the wife of the mythical Yellow Emperor.
[edit]Republican era


Two women wearing cheongsams in a 1930s Shanghai advertisement.
The abolition of imperial China in 1912 had an immediate effect on dress and customs. The largely Han Chinese population immediately cut off their queue as they were forced to grow in submission to the overthrown Qing Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen popularised a new style of men's wear, featuring jacket and trousers instead of the robes worn previously. Adapted from Japanese student wear, this style of dress became known as the Zhongshan suit (Zhongshan being one of Sun Yat-sen's given names in Chinese).
For women, a transformation of the traditional qipao (cheongsam) resulted in a slender and form fitting dress with a high cut, resulting in the contemporary image of a cheongsam but contrasting sharply with the traditional qipao.
[edit]Early People's Republic
Early in the People's Republic, Mao Zedong would inspire Chinese fashion with his own variant of the Zhongshan suit, which would be known to the west as Mao suit. Meanwhile, Sun Yat-sen's widow, Soong Ching-ling, popularised the cheongsam as the standard female dress. At the same time, old practices such as footbinding, which had been viewed as backwards and unmodern by both the Chinese as well as Westerners, were forbidden.
Around the Destruction of the "Four Olds" period in 1964, almost anything seen as part of Traditional Chinese culture would lead to problems with the Communist Red Guards. Items that attracted dangerous attention if caught in the public included jeans, high heels, Western-style coats, ties, jewelry, cheongsams, and long hair.[2] These items were regarded as symbols of bourgeois lifestyle, which represented wealth. Citizens had to avoid them or suffer serious consequences such as torture or beatings by the guards.[2] A number of these items were thrown into the streets to embarrass the citizens.[3]
[edit]Clothing in contemporary China (1980–present)

Chinese fashion has drastically changed over time. Following the relaxation of communist clothing standards in the late 70s, the way Chinese dressed and the fashion trends of the country were also changing. Contemporary urban clothing seemed to have developed an obsession with brand names. In major urban centres, especially Shanghai, an increased western look is preferred, and there is an emphasis on formal wear over casual wear for adults on the streets. Teenagers prefer brand names and western clothing. Children usually wear clothes decorated with cartoon characters.
However, there is also effort by the hanfu to revive traditional clothing forms such as the hanfu by the hanfu movement. At an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Shanghai in 2001, the host presented silk-embroidered tangzhuang jackets as the Chinese traditional national costume.
However in rural China, clothing tends to be the same as it was in the 1960s. This is because life in rural China has not been influenced by western lifestyle. Also, most people residing in rural China cannot afford such new and pricey clothing from new western style companies. However, many rural Chinese in the less isolated areas have blue jeans, T-shirts, and modern jackets because of many factories that manufacture these goods at an affordable price. Rural Chinese just don't have the fancier modern clothing such as designer jeans, high heels, miniskirts, dresses, etc. People in rural China also tend to have cotton shoes, but the wealthier areas may have cheap sneakers. In rural China non-western modern clothing e.g. Mao suit are usually hand-made by grandmothers who are very experienced in tailoring and sewing.
[edit]Image gallery


Jade burial suit fashion



Emperor Wu of Jìn, by Yan Liben (600–673)



Tang Dynasty court ladies from the tomb of Princess Yongtai in the Qianling Mausoleum, near Xi'an in Shaanxi



Official Song Dynasty portrait painting of Empress Cao, wife of Emperor Renzong of Song



Ming Dynasty Empress Xiao'an



Phoenix crown of the Ming Dynasty empress



A Ming Dynasty portrait of the Chinese official Jiang Shunfu (1453–1504). The decoration of two cranes on his chest are a Mandarin square "rank badge" that indicate he was a civil official of the first rank.



Detail of Jiang Shunfu's rank badge



The Qing Dynasty Qianlong Emperor in ceremonial armour on horseback



Officers of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in the United States in tangzhuang dress, with riding jackets (馬掛) over changshan.



Old Chinese garb from the early to mid-20th century

[edit]See also

Culture of China
National costume
China
Chinese language
Chinese history
[edit]References

^ Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928 by Edward Rhoads, pg. 61
^ a b Law, Kam-yee. [2003] (2003). The Chinese Cultural Revolution Reconsidered: beyond purge and Holocaust. ISBN 0333738357
^ Wen, Chihua. Madsen, Richard P. [1995] (1995). The Red Mirror: Children of China's Cultural Revolution. Westview Press. ISBN 0813324882

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Origin and history of clothing

Origin and history of clothing Main article: History of clothing Image:Neandertal.jpg A Neanderthal clothed in fur According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing probably consisted of fur, leather, leaves or grass, draped, wrapped or tied about the body for protection from the elements. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988.[citation needed] Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that indicates that they originated about 107,000 years ago. Since most humans have very sparse body hair, body lice require clothing to survive, so this suggests a surprisingly recent date for the invention of clothing. Its invention may have coincided with the spread of modern Homo sapiens from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers used similar genetic methods to estimate that body lice originated about 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed] Some human cultures, such as the various peoples of the Arctic Circle, until recently made their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins. Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth: woven, knitted, or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers. See also: weaving, knitting, and twining Although modern consumers take clothing for granted, making the fabrics that go into clothing is not easy. One sign of this is that the textile industry was the first to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution; before the invention of the powered loom, textile production was a tedious and labor-intensive process. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many peoples wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit — for example, the dhoti for men and the saree for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment. Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth, but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing. The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth, and then add them elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach. Modern European fashion treats cloth much more prodigally, typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants. Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts. In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing, they have created an astonishing array of styles, many of which we can reconstruct from surviving garments, photos, paintings, mosaics, etc., as well as from written descriptions. Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers, as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays, films, television, and historical reenactment. See also: History of Western fashion and Category:History of clothing [edit] Social status Alim Khan's bemedaled robe is a social message In many societies, people of high rank reserve special items of clothing or decoration for themselves as symbols of their social status. In ancient times, only Roman senators were permitted wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple; only high-ranking Hawaiian chiefs wore feather cloaks and palaoa or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore kingdom of Kerala (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China before the establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. In many cases throughout history, there have been elaborate systems of sumptuary laws regulating who could wear what. In other societies (including most modern societies) no laws prohibit lower-status people wearing high status garments, but the high cost of status garments effectively limits their purchase and display. In current Western society, only the rich can afford haute couture. The threat of social ostracism may also limit garment choice. If one is not wearing a specific brand or style of clothing one's social status may fall. Yet, retailers have converted to fast fashion techniques that provide trendy pieces of clothing at lower price points. [edit] Marital status See also: Visual markers of marital status Traditionally Hindu women, once married, would wear sindoor, a red powder, in the parting of their hair. If widowed, they would abandon sindoor and jewelry and wear simple white clothing. Men and women of the Western world may wear wedding rings to indicate their marital status. Also women in the United States, depending on their heritage and/or religion, will usually wear a white gown, although some movie stars have been known to wear a black party dress for their wedding. Observant Jewish women cover their hair if they are married. There is a sect of Judaism in which girls who are old enough to be looking for a husband wear their hair in two braids as opposed to the one braid they wore before they were of a marriagable age.[citation needed] [edit] Religious habits and special religious clothing Religious clothing might be considered a special case of occupational clothing. Sometimes it is worn only during the performance of religious ceremonies. However, it may also be worn everyday as a marker for special religious status. For example, Jains wear unstitched cloth pieces when performing religious ceremonies. The unstitched cloth signifies unified and complete devotion to the task at hand, with no digression.[citation needed] The cleanliness of religious dresses in Eastern Religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism is of paramount importance, which indicates purity. Clothing figures in prominently in the Bible where it appears in numerous contexts, the more prominent ones being: the story of Adam and Eve, Joseph's cloak, Judah and Tamar, Mordechai and Esther. Furthermore the priests officiating in the Temple had very specific garments, the lack of which would make one liable to death. Jewish ritual also requires rending of one's upper garment as a sign of mourning. This practice is found in the Bible when Jacob hears of the apparent death of his son Joseph.[1] See also: Category:Religious vesture. [edit] Sport and activity Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming. [edit] Clothing materials Common clothing materials include natural fibers, which are renewable, biodegradable, such as: Cloth, typically made of viscose cotton, flax, wool, ramie, silk Down for down-filled parkas Fur Leather Denim And synthetic fibers which are man made and not biodegradable, made primarily from petrochemicals: Spandex Polyester Nylon Less-common clothing materials include: Bamboo Hemp Jute Lyocell Recycled paper PVC-Polyvinyl chloride Rayon Rubber Recycled or Recovered Cotton Recycled PET Soy Tyvek Other Natural Fibers Reinforcing materials such as wood, bone, plastic and metal may be used in fasteners or to stiffen garments. [edit] Clothing maintenance Clothing suffers assault both from within and without. The human body sheds skin cells and body oils, and exudes sweat, urine, and feces. From the outside, sun damage, moisture, abrasion and dirt assault garments. Fleas and lice may hide in seams. Worn clothing, if not cleaned and refurbished, will itch, look scruffy, and lose functionality (as when buttons fall off and zippers fail). In some cases, people wear an item of clothing until it falls apart. Cleaning leather presents difficulties, and bark cloth (tapa) cannot be washed without dissolving it. Owners may patch tears and rips, and brush off surface dirt, but old leather and bark clothing will always look old. But most clothing consists of cloth, and most cloth can be laundered and mended (patching, darning, but compare felt). [edit] Laundry, ironing, storage Humans have developed many specialized methods for laundering, ranging from the earliest "pound clothes against rocks in running stream" to the latest in electronic washing machines and dry cleaning (dissolving dirt in solvents other than water). Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing. Once clothes have been laundered and possibly ironed, they are usually hung on clothes hangers or folded, to keep them fresh until they are worn. Clothes are folded to allow them to be stored compactly, to prevent creasing, to preserve creases or to present them in a more pleasing manner, for instance when they are put on sale in stores. Many kinds of clothes are folded before they are put in suitcases as preparation for travel. Other clothes, such as suits, may be hung up in special garment bags, or rolled rather than folded. Many people use their clothing as packing material around fragile items that might otherwise break in transit. [edit] Mending In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the darn was practically invisible. When the raw material — cloth — was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people will buy a new piece of clothing rather than expend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems. [edit] The life cycle of clothing Used, unwearable clothing was once used for quilts, rag, rugs, bandages, and many other household uses. It could also be recycled into paper. Now it is usually thrown away. Used but still wearable clothing can be sold at consignment shops, flea markets, online auction, or donated to charity. Charities usually skim the best of the clothing to sell in their own thrift stores and sell the rest to merchants, who bale it up and ship it to Third World countries, where vendors bid for the bales, then sell the used clothing. There are many concerns about the life cycle of synthetics which come primarily from petrochemicals. Unlike natural fibers, their source is not renewable (in less than millions of years) and they are not biodegradable. [edit] Early 21st-century clothing styles A rave style, 2007 Western fashion has, to some extent, become international fashion, as Western media and styles penetrate all parts of the world. Few places remain where people do not wear items from the fast fashion market. These garmets are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. People in poor countries can afford used clothing from wealthier Western countries. People may wear ethnic or national dress on special occasions or in certain roles or occupations. For example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style dress for daily wear, but will still wear traditional hanboks on special occasions, like weddings and cultural holidays. Items of Western dress may also appear worn or accessorized in distinctive, non-Western ways. A Tongan man may combine a used T-shirt with a Tongan wrapped skirt, or tupenu. Western fashion, too, does not function monolithically. It comes in many varieties, from expensive haute couture to thrift store grunge. [edit] Regional styles Clothing of Europe and Russia Clothing in the Americas South American fashion United States mainstream fashion For example: "Catalogue" fashion, regional styles such as preppy or Western wear. United States alternative fashion These fashions are often associated with fans of various musical styles. See also: Gothic fashion, Hippie, Grunge, Hip hop music, and Fetish clothing Clothing in Asia Clothing in Africa Clothing in Oceania Islamic clothing [edit] Political issues [edit] Working conditions Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (June 2008) Garment workers often have to labor under poor conditions. Mass-produced clothing is often manufactured in Sweatshop conditions, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most sweatshops are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured in sweatshops, most often staffed by undocumented immigrants. Coalitions of NGOs, designers (Katharine Hamnett, American Apparel, Veja, Quiksilver, eVocal, Edun,...) and campaign groups like the Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) seek to improve these conditions as much as possible by sponsoring awareness-raising events, which draw the attention of both the media and the general public to the workers' conditions. Outsourcing production to low wage countries like China, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA was deemed a protectionist measure which placed quotas on the exports of textiles.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the ILO, many have also made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed] [edit] Fur Main article: Fur clothing The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in the West with expensive, designer clothing. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that it is cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.

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RECREATION

Organized recreation Recreation during weekend along riverbanks in Japan Recreation can become an organized activity of local governments and for-profit enterprises. Local governments often create parks boards and/or community centers. Growing interest and funding via grants and taxation can result in an official parks and recreation department, which provides venues and staffing for organised sports, at-risk-youth activities, arts and crafts, and senior citizen activities. Several U.S. state governments operate recreation programs for their prison populations. Though controversial, these programs are intended to provide inmates with constructive use of their time through access to music, hobbies, crafts and exercise equipment. Other possible benefits include reduced healthcare costs and a lower recidivism rate. Private organised recreation is usually focused on a specific type of sport such as river rafting or mountaineering. Recreation as a career Becoming a recreation specialist often requires a bachelor of arts degree in recreation management. A recreation specialist would be expected to meet the recreational needs of a community or assigned interest group. People with such degrees often work in parks and recreation centers in towns, on community projects and activities. Networking with instructors, budgeting, and evaluation of continuing programs are common job duties. Most U.S. states have a professional organization for continuing education and certification in recreation management. The National Recreation and Park Association administers an examination called the CPRP (Certified Park and Recreation Professional) that is considered a national standard for professional recreation specialist practices.[3] Examples Computer games Cycling Dancing Eating and drinking Hobbies Hunting and fishing Kite flying Listening to music Martial arts Partying Pet ownership Reading a book Recreational drug use[1] Sexuality and Dating Shopping Singing Sports and exercise Travel and tourism Using the internet Video games Visiting an amusement park Watching movies Yoga In recent years, more 'exciting' forms of recreation have received more attention in the public eye, such as: skiing, snowboarding, bungee jumping, sky diving, hang gliding, paintball, rock climbing, backpacking, canyoning, caving, BASE jumping, adventure tourism and motorsport. References ^ a b Sheila B. Blume. "Alcohol and Drug Abuse". Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. "Customs that dictate alcohol use persist in other work too, such as the "three martini" business lunch, and the expectation that groups of workers will stop at the neighbourhood pub or tavern for a few convivial rounds of drinks at the end of the work day." ^ Claudia Wallis (1983-06-06). "Stress: Can We Cope?". Time. Retrieved on 2007-06-14. ^ "CPRP Exam". National Recreation and Park Association (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-14. External links Look up recreation, fun in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Recreation.gov website National Recreation and Park Association website Washington State Professional Recreation website Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation" Category: Recreation Hidden category: Semi-protected against vandalism

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Gossip Girl Pictures of Hip Fashion

Gossip Girl Pictures of Hip Fashion: Get the Look of Your Favorite Gossip Girl There is more to the show, Gossip Girl, than gorgeous rich kids, couple switching and all that teenage drama. Aside from its racy and bold depiction of what American teenagers are really like behind closed doors, the show also boasts of its massive Gossip Girl fan sites and huge fan base all over the world. Because of its popularity among its huge market, even fashion moguls have dipped their finger in making this teen-oriented show break new grounds. Now, Gossip Girl is not only a reference about pop culture. It also gives a forecast of the hottest in fashion through Gossip Girl pictures and images we see on the show and portals of the internet. If you are truly a fan of the show, you must have taken note of how your favorite Gossip Girl don her fashion. To help you get that Gossip Girl glow, here are some tips that you might want to look into to rock Serena, Blair or Jenny's fashion vibe. Serena van der Woodsen: It's all about the hair. Being the IT girl in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Serena's fashion is distinctly regal and laid-back at the same time. Her boho-chic look combines vintage and a rock star feel making her the girl of every guy's dream. To get Serena's look, you must stack up on well-tailored jackets, skinny jeans and accessories. In the show, Serena cannot be caught dead without a cute piece of accessory thrown together with a cute top, tight-fit jeans and boots. Her eclectic mix of feminine fashion has been toned down by the sexiness and masculine appeal of her boots. When talking about Serena's fashion, it is impossible to look over her beautiful long blonde hair. Her hair has a wild and wavy feel to it that gives new meaning to the phrase 'crowning glory'. Her porcelain skin doesn't require her to apply a lot of makeup. Instead, put on a neutral lip shade and load on colorless lip gloss to get Serena's shine. Blair Waldorf: It's all about the head bands and ribbons. Blair Waldorf's doll appeal is unmistakable. Being a daughter of a fashion designer herself, it is not surprising for her to be so fashion forward and flamboyant in dressing up. Clad in cute and flowy dresses with delicate fabrics, Blair exudes a very strong feminine charm. We usually see Blair in short dresses with powerful prints that hug her petite body. She keeps the accessories to a minimum with her head band being the centerpiece. Her head bands have big ribbons that frame her doll face perfectly. If you are a true blue fan of hers, you'd notice that her head bands match stilettos and pumps, too. Be brave to don her look and come out as the undeniable Queen Bee of your group. When it comes to makeup, Blair channels all our attention towards her lips by applying plum or red lipstick with lots of lip gloss. She puts on light eye makeup, but applies a lot of mascara and traces her lids with black eyeliner to reinforce the look. Jenny Humphrey: It's all about the eye makeup. We have seen Jenny blossom from an awkward young girl to a fashionista the instant she tried to steal the Queen Bee spot from Blair Waldorf. Although she has been a bit unsuccessful in dethroning the brunet, Jenny is still keeping a lot of score because of the experimental and original fashion sense she has developed. Eyeing a career in the fashion industry at a young age, little Jenny is not new when it comes to hoarding attention because of what she wears. She layers a simple tank top with a cute cropped jacket, a beautiful dress with a coat and accessorizes them with eye-catching pieces like necklaces and chokers. Of course, Jenny surprises everyone with her black eyeliner, full bangs and red lips that really bring out the beautiful contours of her face.

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Initial Award Abstract

Over the past decade, California has instituted a successful public health campaign to reduce the number of active smokers in the state. One result of that campaign has been the increasing stigmatization of the habit of smoking and of smokers themselves. Although the health benefits of a reduction in smoking are clear and non-controversial, there may be unintended social and ethical consequences to health messages which promote a cultural climate in which smoking is not only disapproved of but in which the smoker is held as morally or socially unacceptable. One such possible consequence is the effect that campaigns may have on the distribution of health care dollars and scarce resources such as organ transplants to smokers. Studies show that, often, there are sound medical reasons for the decision to limit care to smokers, but these studies also indicate that the characterization of smokers as somehow morally "less deserving" also plays a role. There is already evidence that implicit, i.e., unacknowledged, rationing to smokers does occur and strong arguments are being made for explicit rationing as well. The difficulty lies in distinguishing appropriate, just ethical allocation of care to smokers that might include some limitations or denials of care from those allocation decisions that are based merely on a bias or prejudice. In addition, difficulty lies in balancing the substantial contributions of anti-smoking campaigns as well as other health promotion/disease prevention programs to the health of the people of the State of California as a whole with the possible detriment to targeted individuals (i.e., those who continue to smoke). A further challenge is in normalizing, at least to some extent, guidelines and policies so that decisions at the bedside or in an HMO clinical case management office are consistent and fair. Addressing these critical ethical and policy dilemmas requires a combination of approaches. We propose first a program of empirical research to document the current status of rationing services to smokers. We need to know the attitudes and actual practices of clinicians, case managers and health care organizations throughout the state. In addition, we need to know the current climate of opinion among members of the general public and individuals who are chronically ill with smoking-related illnesses. However, data, no matter how carefully collected, will not answer the underlying ethical questions. Therefore, we also propose to create an ongoing Ethics Working Group. This group, composed of experts in health economics, health services research, philosophy, bioethics and health promotion, as well as lay representatives, will issue ethical guidelines to assist both health care providers and health care policy makers in determining appropriate care for those who have smoked or are currently smoking, and also to provide general ethical guideposts for caring for groups of individuals who are perceived as having contributed to, or caused, their own diseases.     Final Report Over the past decade, California has instituted a successful public health campaign to reduce the number of active cigarette smokers (smokers) in the State. An unintended consequence of this effort might be the increasing stigmatization of smokers. The purpose of this planning study was to lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive research project to determine the effect that such campaigns and the consequent stigmatization may have on attitudes towards and practice of allocation of health care to smokers. The specific aims of the study were to develop and validate empiric research instruments, and set up an Ethics Advisory Panel to integrate empiric results to ethical analysis and policy development. Three pilot surveys were conducted: 1) To document individual attitudes towards providing health care to smokers, a 125-item questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and distributed to 150 physicians, 90 physicians-in-training (trainees), and 100 patients at Stanford University Hospital and Clinics. Respondents' willingness and rationale for providing health care to active smokers were queried both with general statements and hypothetical vignettes about specific treatment decisions and access to health care. Results show that willingness to recommend treatment to active smokers was highest for hysterectomy and lowest for lung transplant across all respondent groups. However, patients were more inclined than physicians and trainees to recommend liver transplant, coronary artery bypass graft and multiple ICU admissions. While the majority of all respondent groups believe everyone should have equal access to health care, a majority of physicians and trainees reject the idea that "an active smoker is entitled to the same access to health care that a non-smoker has." Most popular reasons for these restrictions included: limited resources, personal responsibility and impact on long-term health. These results need to be replicated in a larger study. 2) To begin exploring existing practices of rationing, a structured interview guide was developed to cover a number of issues related to candidate screening and selection, and treatment eligibility criteria for smokers, focusing on organ transplantation, where explicit rationing to smokers currently occurs. This instrument was piloted by conducting a telephone survey of all multi-organ transplant (TX) centers in the State of California (n=14). Respondents included 12 TX coordinators at 9 hospitals, in charge of 18 TX programs (heart n=6, liver n=5, lung n=5 and heart-lung n=2). Results indicate that active smoking is an absolute exclusion for all lung, heart, and heart-lung TX programs surveyed, and for 3 out of 5 liver TX programs examined. The extent to which active smoking is becoming an exclusion in programs where smoking is not a recognized causal factor in the disease merits further study. 3) To analyze ethical justifications for providing or denying care to smokers, a structured interview guide was designed and pre-tested by conducting telephone interviews with a subset (10%) of respondents queried in the first survey. This survey helped validate and refine the questionnaire used in the first survey, but showed that in-depth understanding of the rationale underlying the decision-making process is required through less structured qualitative inquiry. This planning study has shown that attitudes, practices and rationales for the provision of health care to smokers may differ among lay and professionals, depend on the type of care, and overall, are worth further investigation. We have now developed appropriate methods to pursue this project.

How to start a clothing store

How to start a clothing store, as could be answered as needs two things. How to start a clothing store? surely needs a business license and a reseller’s permit. How to start a clothing store? Of course needs these two legal requirements. How to start a clothing store? Also needs two more prerequisites- Passion and vision. How to start a clothing store and to succeed in this is to be passionate about How to start a clothing store. Attempt to own a clothing store and knowing How to start a clothing store, can be given with some of the guidelines as follows. How to start a clothing store? First step on this is to obtain a legal license. To be good on knowing How to start a clothing store, you should require filling up some simple forms and How to start a clothing store finals within a couple of weeks as you get the permit. Next on How to start a clothing store decide the location and the amount of space you needed. How to start a clothing store in certain location and the amount of space needs a look over the cost of that space. So, with How to start a clothing store is to get building permits and electrical permits. Then on knowing How to start a clothing store have a startup finance. When you are in need to know How to start a clothing store, be aware that you calculate the cost of everything and estimate accurately. Next answer for How to start a clothing store is to do a market analysis. This is very decisive for the likelihood of the clothing store. When need to know How to start a clothing store, find the types of clothes that would sell there. Another important factor on How to start a clothing store is to know your competitors in the market. Purchase the stock is to go next with How to start a clothing store. When you ask How to start a clothing store you should decide on what to sell, then next is to find the merchandiser. When you need to know How to start a clothing store at the beginning of your nurture, be sure that you do a minimum buy. When you know that you are in embarking of your business, you ask How to start a clothing store. Then you need to be sure that you buy at least a dozen pieces for a given size and color. When knowing How to start a clothing store, you can negotiate these matters for the best deal. When you have to know How to start a clothing store, consider seasonal requirements and estimated sales decide on the amount of clothes to be stocked and purchase that decided quantity. Don’t have stock in excess as it may prove costly, and also may result in difficult of maintaining the inventory. As a whole, adding up to an authorized sanction you should have a dream of becoming a boutique holder.

Amazing Plus Size Clothing Deals

What's the 'deal' with plus size clothing? Much has improved. The gamut of variety can be breathless, and we meant that in a positive way. For one, plus size teens to groovy grandmas can go over specialty stores selling trendy clothes that fit and look good. Popular brand names such as Lane Bryant, Fashion Bug Plus, and Torrid are just some of the brands that penetrate the mind when it comes to plus size clothing. Department stores and boutiques have also stepped up on thinking of clever ways to draw in these women customers. Now, it's not just about having a large inventory of plus size clothing available but offering shapes and styles that are altogether trendy and flattering. Browsing the Internet is another great place to find stylish larger size outfits. What's good about this is you can "hop" from one online store to another without even leaving your seat and breaking in a sweat. Shipping and not actually fitting the item before ordering can be common concerns but luckily there are stores with customer-oriented return policies. Still can't make up your mind whether to buy from an online store? Most retailers selling via the Internet have size charts that detail the body measurements and sometimes even have virtual models that are patterned to your proportions to ensure a perfect fit. But perhaps the best deal of all when it comes to shopping for plus size clothing is that it has empowered women to appreciate their curvaceous shape more.