if u want 2 know abaout fashion

if want 2 know how about batik, or clothes, or fashion, call titin arya wanti 081933072623

---

Nama baru untuk Anda!
Dapatkan nama yang selalu Anda inginkan di domain baru @ymail dan @rocketmail.
Cepat sebelum diambil orang lain!

Origin and history of clothing

Origin and history of clothing Main article: History of clothing Image:Neandertal.jpg A Neanderthal clothed in fur According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing probably consisted of fur, leather, leaves or grass, draped, wrapped or tied about the body for protection from the elements. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988.[citation needed] Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that indicates that they originated about 107,000 years ago. Since most humans have very sparse body hair, body lice require clothing to survive, so this suggests a surprisingly recent date for the invention of clothing. Its invention may have coincided with the spread of modern Homo sapiens from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers used similar genetic methods to estimate that body lice originated about 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed] Some human cultures, such as the various peoples of the Arctic Circle, until recently made their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins. Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth: woven, knitted, or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers. See also: weaving, knitting, and twining Although modern consumers take clothing for granted, making the fabrics that go into clothing is not easy. One sign of this is that the textile industry was the first to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution; before the invention of the powered loom, textile production was a tedious and labor-intensive process. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many peoples wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit — for example, the dhoti for men and the saree for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment. Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth, but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing. The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth, and then add them elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach. Modern European fashion treats cloth much more prodigally, typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants. Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts. In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing, they have created an astonishing array of styles, many of which we can reconstruct from surviving garments, photos, paintings, mosaics, etc., as well as from written descriptions. Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers, as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays, films, television, and historical reenactment. See also: History of Western fashion and Category:History of clothing [edit] Social status Alim Khan's bemedaled robe is a social message In many societies, people of high rank reserve special items of clothing or decoration for themselves as symbols of their social status. In ancient times, only Roman senators were permitted wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple; only high-ranking Hawaiian chiefs wore feather cloaks and palaoa or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore kingdom of Kerala (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China before the establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. In many cases throughout history, there have been elaborate systems of sumptuary laws regulating who could wear what. In other societies (including most modern societies) no laws prohibit lower-status people wearing high status garments, but the high cost of status garments effectively limits their purchase and display. In current Western society, only the rich can afford haute couture. The threat of social ostracism may also limit garment choice. If one is not wearing a specific brand or style of clothing one's social status may fall. Yet, retailers have converted to fast fashion techniques that provide trendy pieces of clothing at lower price points. [edit] Marital status See also: Visual markers of marital status Traditionally Hindu women, once married, would wear sindoor, a red powder, in the parting of their hair. If widowed, they would abandon sindoor and jewelry and wear simple white clothing. Men and women of the Western world may wear wedding rings to indicate their marital status. Also women in the United States, depending on their heritage and/or religion, will usually wear a white gown, although some movie stars have been known to wear a black party dress for their wedding. Observant Jewish women cover their hair if they are married. There is a sect of Judaism in which girls who are old enough to be looking for a husband wear their hair in two braids as opposed to the one braid they wore before they were of a marriagable age.[citation needed] [edit] Religious habits and special religious clothing Religious clothing might be considered a special case of occupational clothing. Sometimes it is worn only during the performance of religious ceremonies. However, it may also be worn everyday as a marker for special religious status. For example, Jains wear unstitched cloth pieces when performing religious ceremonies. The unstitched cloth signifies unified and complete devotion to the task at hand, with no digression.[citation needed] The cleanliness of religious dresses in Eastern Religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism is of paramount importance, which indicates purity. Clothing figures in prominently in the Bible where it appears in numerous contexts, the more prominent ones being: the story of Adam and Eve, Joseph's cloak, Judah and Tamar, Mordechai and Esther. Furthermore the priests officiating in the Temple had very specific garments, the lack of which would make one liable to death. Jewish ritual also requires rending of one's upper garment as a sign of mourning. This practice is found in the Bible when Jacob hears of the apparent death of his son Joseph.[1] See also: Category:Religious vesture. [edit] Sport and activity Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming. [edit] Clothing materials Common clothing materials include natural fibers, which are renewable, biodegradable, such as: Cloth, typically made of viscose cotton, flax, wool, ramie, silk Down for down-filled parkas Fur Leather Denim And synthetic fibers which are man made and not biodegradable, made primarily from petrochemicals: Spandex Polyester Nylon Less-common clothing materials include: Bamboo Hemp Jute Lyocell Recycled paper PVC-Polyvinyl chloride Rayon Rubber Recycled or Recovered Cotton Recycled PET Soy Tyvek Other Natural Fibers Reinforcing materials such as wood, bone, plastic and metal may be used in fasteners or to stiffen garments. [edit] Clothing maintenance Clothing suffers assault both from within and without. The human body sheds skin cells and body oils, and exudes sweat, urine, and feces. From the outside, sun damage, moisture, abrasion and dirt assault garments. Fleas and lice may hide in seams. Worn clothing, if not cleaned and refurbished, will itch, look scruffy, and lose functionality (as when buttons fall off and zippers fail). In some cases, people wear an item of clothing until it falls apart. Cleaning leather presents difficulties, and bark cloth (tapa) cannot be washed without dissolving it. Owners may patch tears and rips, and brush off surface dirt, but old leather and bark clothing will always look old. But most clothing consists of cloth, and most cloth can be laundered and mended (patching, darning, but compare felt). [edit] Laundry, ironing, storage Humans have developed many specialized methods for laundering, ranging from the earliest "pound clothes against rocks in running stream" to the latest in electronic washing machines and dry cleaning (dissolving dirt in solvents other than water). Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing. Once clothes have been laundered and possibly ironed, they are usually hung on clothes hangers or folded, to keep them fresh until they are worn. Clothes are folded to allow them to be stored compactly, to prevent creasing, to preserve creases or to present them in a more pleasing manner, for instance when they are put on sale in stores. Many kinds of clothes are folded before they are put in suitcases as preparation for travel. Other clothes, such as suits, may be hung up in special garment bags, or rolled rather than folded. Many people use their clothing as packing material around fragile items that might otherwise break in transit. [edit] Mending In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the darn was practically invisible. When the raw material — cloth — was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people will buy a new piece of clothing rather than expend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems. [edit] The life cycle of clothing Used, unwearable clothing was once used for quilts, rag, rugs, bandages, and many other household uses. It could also be recycled into paper. Now it is usually thrown away. Used but still wearable clothing can be sold at consignment shops, flea markets, online auction, or donated to charity. Charities usually skim the best of the clothing to sell in their own thrift stores and sell the rest to merchants, who bale it up and ship it to Third World countries, where vendors bid for the bales, then sell the used clothing. There are many concerns about the life cycle of synthetics which come primarily from petrochemicals. Unlike natural fibers, their source is not renewable (in less than millions of years) and they are not biodegradable. [edit] Early 21st-century clothing styles A rave style, 2007 Western fashion has, to some extent, become international fashion, as Western media and styles penetrate all parts of the world. Few places remain where people do not wear items from the fast fashion market. These garmets are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. People in poor countries can afford used clothing from wealthier Western countries. People may wear ethnic or national dress on special occasions or in certain roles or occupations. For example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style dress for daily wear, but will still wear traditional hanboks on special occasions, like weddings and cultural holidays. Items of Western dress may also appear worn or accessorized in distinctive, non-Western ways. A Tongan man may combine a used T-shirt with a Tongan wrapped skirt, or tupenu. Western fashion, too, does not function monolithically. It comes in many varieties, from expensive haute couture to thrift store grunge. [edit] Regional styles Clothing of Europe and Russia Clothing in the Americas South American fashion United States mainstream fashion For example: "Catalogue" fashion, regional styles such as preppy or Western wear. United States alternative fashion These fashions are often associated with fans of various musical styles. See also: Gothic fashion, Hippie, Grunge, Hip hop music, and Fetish clothing Clothing in Asia Clothing in Africa Clothing in Oceania Islamic clothing [edit] Political issues [edit] Working conditions Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (June 2008) Garment workers often have to labor under poor conditions. Mass-produced clothing is often manufactured in Sweatshop conditions, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most sweatshops are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured in sweatshops, most often staffed by undocumented immigrants. Coalitions of NGOs, designers (Katharine Hamnett, American Apparel, Veja, Quiksilver, eVocal, Edun,...) and campaign groups like the Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) seek to improve these conditions as much as possible by sponsoring awareness-raising events, which draw the attention of both the media and the general public to the workers' conditions. Outsourcing production to low wage countries like China, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA was deemed a protectionist measure which placed quotas on the exports of textiles.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the ILO, many have also made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed] [edit] Fur Main article: Fur clothing The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in the West with expensive, designer clothing. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that it is cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.

---

Dapatkan nama yang Anda sukai!
Sekarang Anda dapat memiliki email di @ymail.com dan @rocketmail.com.

RECREATION

Organized recreation Recreation during weekend along riverbanks in Japan Recreation can become an organized activity of local governments and for-profit enterprises. Local governments often create parks boards and/or community centers. Growing interest and funding via grants and taxation can result in an official parks and recreation department, which provides venues and staffing for organised sports, at-risk-youth activities, arts and crafts, and senior citizen activities. Several U.S. state governments operate recreation programs for their prison populations. Though controversial, these programs are intended to provide inmates with constructive use of their time through access to music, hobbies, crafts and exercise equipment. Other possible benefits include reduced healthcare costs and a lower recidivism rate. Private organised recreation is usually focused on a specific type of sport such as river rafting or mountaineering. Recreation as a career Becoming a recreation specialist often requires a bachelor of arts degree in recreation management. A recreation specialist would be expected to meet the recreational needs of a community or assigned interest group. People with such degrees often work in parks and recreation centers in towns, on community projects and activities. Networking with instructors, budgeting, and evaluation of continuing programs are common job duties. Most U.S. states have a professional organization for continuing education and certification in recreation management. The National Recreation and Park Association administers an examination called the CPRP (Certified Park and Recreation Professional) that is considered a national standard for professional recreation specialist practices.[3] Examples Computer games Cycling Dancing Eating and drinking Hobbies Hunting and fishing Kite flying Listening to music Martial arts Partying Pet ownership Reading a book Recreational drug use[1] Sexuality and Dating Shopping Singing Sports and exercise Travel and tourism Using the internet Video games Visiting an amusement park Watching movies Yoga In recent years, more 'exciting' forms of recreation have received more attention in the public eye, such as: skiing, snowboarding, bungee jumping, sky diving, hang gliding, paintball, rock climbing, backpacking, canyoning, caving, BASE jumping, adventure tourism and motorsport. References ^ a b Sheila B. Blume. "Alcohol and Drug Abuse". Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. "Customs that dictate alcohol use persist in other work too, such as the "three martini" business lunch, and the expectation that groups of workers will stop at the neighbourhood pub or tavern for a few convivial rounds of drinks at the end of the work day." ^ Claudia Wallis (1983-06-06). "Stress: Can We Cope?". Time. Retrieved on 2007-06-14. ^ "CPRP Exam". National Recreation and Park Association (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-14. External links Look up recreation, fun in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Recreation.gov website National Recreation and Park Association website Washington State Professional Recreation website Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation" Category: Recreation Hidden category: Semi-protected against vandalism

---

Yahoo! sekarang memiliki alamat Email baru
Dapatkan nama yang selalu Anda inginkan di domain baru @ymail dan @rocketmail. br> Cepat sebelum diambil orang lain!

Gossip Girl Pictures of Hip Fashion

Gossip Girl Pictures of Hip Fashion: Get the Look of Your Favorite Gossip Girl There is more to the show, Gossip Girl, than gorgeous rich kids, couple switching and all that teenage drama. Aside from its racy and bold depiction of what American teenagers are really like behind closed doors, the show also boasts of its massive Gossip Girl fan sites and huge fan base all over the world. Because of its popularity among its huge market, even fashion moguls have dipped their finger in making this teen-oriented show break new grounds. Now, Gossip Girl is not only a reference about pop culture. It also gives a forecast of the hottest in fashion through Gossip Girl pictures and images we see on the show and portals of the internet. If you are truly a fan of the show, you must have taken note of how your favorite Gossip Girl don her fashion. To help you get that Gossip Girl glow, here are some tips that you might want to look into to rock Serena, Blair or Jenny's fashion vibe. Serena van der Woodsen: It's all about the hair. Being the IT girl in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Serena's fashion is distinctly regal and laid-back at the same time. Her boho-chic look combines vintage and a rock star feel making her the girl of every guy's dream. To get Serena's look, you must stack up on well-tailored jackets, skinny jeans and accessories. In the show, Serena cannot be caught dead without a cute piece of accessory thrown together with a cute top, tight-fit jeans and boots. Her eclectic mix of feminine fashion has been toned down by the sexiness and masculine appeal of her boots. When talking about Serena's fashion, it is impossible to look over her beautiful long blonde hair. Her hair has a wild and wavy feel to it that gives new meaning to the phrase 'crowning glory'. Her porcelain skin doesn't require her to apply a lot of makeup. Instead, put on a neutral lip shade and load on colorless lip gloss to get Serena's shine. Blair Waldorf: It's all about the head bands and ribbons. Blair Waldorf's doll appeal is unmistakable. Being a daughter of a fashion designer herself, it is not surprising for her to be so fashion forward and flamboyant in dressing up. Clad in cute and flowy dresses with delicate fabrics, Blair exudes a very strong feminine charm. We usually see Blair in short dresses with powerful prints that hug her petite body. She keeps the accessories to a minimum with her head band being the centerpiece. Her head bands have big ribbons that frame her doll face perfectly. If you are a true blue fan of hers, you'd notice that her head bands match stilettos and pumps, too. Be brave to don her look and come out as the undeniable Queen Bee of your group. When it comes to makeup, Blair channels all our attention towards her lips by applying plum or red lipstick with lots of lip gloss. She puts on light eye makeup, but applies a lot of mascara and traces her lids with black eyeliner to reinforce the look. Jenny Humphrey: It's all about the eye makeup. We have seen Jenny blossom from an awkward young girl to a fashionista the instant she tried to steal the Queen Bee spot from Blair Waldorf. Although she has been a bit unsuccessful in dethroning the brunet, Jenny is still keeping a lot of score because of the experimental and original fashion sense she has developed. Eyeing a career in the fashion industry at a young age, little Jenny is not new when it comes to hoarding attention because of what she wears. She layers a simple tank top with a cute cropped jacket, a beautiful dress with a coat and accessorizes them with eye-catching pieces like necklaces and chokers. Of course, Jenny surprises everyone with her black eyeliner, full bangs and red lips that really bring out the beautiful contours of her face.

---

Nama baru untuk Anda!
Dapatkan nama yang selalu Anda inginkan di domain baru @ymail dan @rocketmail.
Cepat sebelum diambil orang lain!